Chronology of events 1977-1979

Compiled by Yuli Kosharovsky and Enid Wurtman.

Employed Abbreviations: AA – the archive of the author; d.o.r. - Date of record (not the event); TM- a telephone message from Moscow in real time.

The sources of information are listed below. The numbers of the sources are placed in The Chronology in parentheses.

Морозов Борис, “Еврейская эмиграция в свете новых документов“, “Центр Каммингса”, “Тель Авивский Университет”, “ЦХСД”, 1998.
Энн Шенкарь, Бюллетень “Комитета действия” (англ.).
“Википедия“, http://ru.wikipedia.org .
“Еврейская электронная энциклопедия” http://www.eleven.co.il .
Краткая Еврейская Энциклопедия, том.8, “Общество по исследованию еврейских общин”, “Еврейский университет в Иерусалиме”, Иерусалим, 1996.
Jewish Encyclopedia, CD-Rom Edition
Friedman, Murray and Chernin, Albert, Editors, “A Second Exodus, The American Movement to Free Soviet Jews“, Hanover, Brandeis University Press, 1999.
Gilbert, Martin, “Shcharansky, Hero of Our Time“, London, Macmillan London Limited, 1986.
Levin, Nora, “The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917, Paradox of Survival“, Volume I, Volume II, New York and London, New York University Press, 1988.
Prital David, “Jews of the FSU in Israel and Diaspora“.
Soviet Jewish Affairs, Chronicle of Events, Sources are Western Press reports, unless specifically stated.
Rosenfeld Nancy “Unfinished Journey”.
Eizen, Wendy, “Count Us In, The Struggle to Free Soviet Jews”, A Canadian Perspective, Toronto, Burgher Books, 1995.
Washington Post.
Wurtman Enid, Articles in “Jerusalem Post” and audiocassettes of telephone talks with refuseniks in Russia.
Schroeter, Leonard, “The Last Exodus“, Jerusalem, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Jerusalem, 1974.
Insight, 70 Years of Soviet Union.
Нехемия Леванон, Код Натив, Ам овед, 1995, иврит.
Юлий Кошаровский, “Мы снова евреи“, том 1, 2007.
“Антиеврейские процессы в Советском Союзе 1969-1971 годов“, Издание Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме и Центра исследований восточноевропейского еврейства 1979 год.
Пинкус Вениамин, “Национальное возрождение“, Центр наследия Бен-Гуриона, 1993, иврит.
Интервью автору.
“Сборник писем, петиций и обращений“, “Центр по изучению восточноевропейского еврейства”.
Shindler, Colin, “Exit Visa, Détente, Human Rights and the Jewish Emigration Movement in the USSR“, London, Bachman and Turner, 1978.
Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry. Newsletter.
Gilbert, Martin, “The Jews of Hope, The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today“, London, Macmillan London Limited, 1984.
Файн Вениамин, “Вера и разум“, Маханаим, Иерусалим 2007.
Bulleten UCSJ “Alert“.
Lerner, Alexander, “Change of Heart“, Minneapolis, Lerner Publication Company, Rehovot, Balaban Publishers, 1992.
Lein, Evgeny “Lest we forget“.
Israel Public Council for Soviet Jewry, Israel, Profile.
Gilbert, Martin, “The Jews of Hope, The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today” London, Macmillian London Limited, 1984.
Joel L. Lebowitz, James S.Langer, William I. Glaberson, Editors, “Fourth International conference on collective fenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 337, 1-223, 1980.
Loel L. Lebowitz, Editor, “Fourth International conference on collective fenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 373, 1-233, 1981.
Давид Зильберман, “Голодная демонстрация советских евреев в Москве 10-11 марта 1971 года, Дневник демонстранта, Сказание об исходе из России, Нацрат Элит, Израиль, 1971 год.
Инна Аксельрод-Рубина “Жизнь как жизнь, воспоминания“, Иерусалим 2006.
Информационный бюллетень по вопросам репатриации и еврейской культуры, еврейский информационный центр в Москве.
Jerusalem post, Soviet Jewry, Jewish World by Enid Wurtman.
Александр Парицкий, “Молитва”, Иерусалим 2006, Verba Pablishers, Jerusalem.
Evgeny Lein, Lest we forget, The Refuseniks struggle and World Jewish Solidarity, The Jerusalem publishing cebter, Jerusalem, 1997.
Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter, Human Rights, Perestroika, and The End of The Cold War, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, 2009
Baruch Gur, Open Gates, The Inside Story of the Mass Aliya from the Soviet Union and its Successor States, Jewish Agence for Israel, printet by Graphit, Jerusalem 1996.
Lois Rosenblum interviews: Rosenblum Oral History Project: Involvement in the Soviet Jewry movement, interviews with Louis Rosenblum, 1996-1999, Louis Rosenblum Papers, MS 4926, Jewish Archives of the Western Reserve Historical Society.
Jerry Goodman, Jews in the Soviet Union and the American Soviet Jewry Movement – A Time Line of Historic Events, 1917-1991.
Pam Cohen, Time Line of the Soviet Jewry movement.

Date	Event
20/01/1977	In the U.S., Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as the 39th president.
22/01/1977	Soviet television presents first showing of one hour long anti-Zionist documentary “Traders of Souls”, which specifies the names and addresses of Vladimir Slepak, Yosef Begun , Anatoly Sharansky and Yuli Kosharovsky. (11, vol. 7, # 1, 1977, p. 104) (a.a.).
23/01/1977	An article in Izvestia claims that the invitations from Israel are fake.
29/01/1977	Article in the magazine “Ogoniok” – “Spy paths of Zionism”. (8, p. 165).
31/01/1977	Over 2000 members of the medical profession from the U.S. and Europe sign an appeal in behalf of Dr. Mikhail Stern (11, vol. 7, # 1, 1977, p. 104).
00-02-1977	Symposium organizers have prepared a “White Paper” which includes steps on the preparation of the symposium and its disruption by the authorities. (27, p. 287).
02/02/1977	Begun, Kosharovsky, Slepak and Sharansky address the court with a lawsuit against TV and film writers, “The Traders of Souls” as a result of the defamatory statements made against them. (8, p. 165).
03/02/1977	Arrest of Alexander Ginzburg, a member of the “Moscow Helsinki Group” (8, p. 165).
05/02/1977	President Carter sent a letter to Academician Sakharov. (11, vol. 7, # 1, 1977, p. 105)
09/02/1977	Arrest of Yuri Orlov, head of the “Moscow Helsinki Group”.
15.02.1977	Ilya Rubin, the former editor of the samizdat journal, “Jews in the USSR”, dies in Israel. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 1, 1977, p. 105).
21/02/1977	Demonstraion of 60 activists in Moscow at the Supreme Soviet. (8, p.166).
25/02/1977	77 activists from the 9 cities issue an open letter of protest against the pogrom atmosphere created by the presentation of the film “The Traders of Souls” and subsequent articles in the press.(a.a.)
01/03/1977	The U.S. Senate adopts resolution by 91-0 condemning Soviet persecution of Jews and others seeking to emigrate. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87).
03/03/1977	The first arrest of Yosef Begun for “parasitism” (22, Yosef Begun).
04/03/1977	Izvestia publishes a letter by Sanya Lipavsky alleging links between leading refuseniks and the CIA including Vitaly Rubin, Mark Azbel, Alexander Lerner and Anatoly Sharansky.
06/03/1977	Apartment of Alexander Lerner is searched (22, Alexander Lerner).
11/03/1977	Documentary “The Traders of Souls” was again shown on Moscow television. (9, p. 788).
14/03/1977	Dr. Mikhail Stern is released from labor camp prior to the end of his term. He is due to arrive in Israel on July 3^rd. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87).
15/03/1977	Jewish activist Anatoly Sharansky, named in Lipavsky letter published in Izvestia, is arrested in Moscow. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87)
17/03/1977	A women’s conference in behalf of Soviet Jewry is held in Mexico. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87).
17/03/1977	Student demonstrations protesting the arrest of Anatoly Sharansky in New York, Ottawa and London (25).
19/03/1977	A National Emergency Leadership Conference on behalf of Soviet Jewry takes place in New York. (11 , vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87).
21/03/1977	10 thousand people with the participation of Golda Meir hold a demonstration in Israel protesting against the arrest of Anatoly Sharansky.
24/03/1977	The House of Representatives passed a resolution condemning the Soviet harassment of Jews and others who wish to emigrate. The results of the vote on the resolution: in favor – 400; opposed – 2 (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87)
26/03/1977	U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance presented the Soviet authorities with a list of 700 refuseniks during a visit to Moscow. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 87).
07/04/1977	International symposium of scientists-refuseniks was held on the fifth anniversary of the founding of the physics seminar. (22, Mark Azbel).
17/04/1977	About 150 Jews gathered at the memorial ceremony in Minsk in remembrance of the Holocaust. Meeting addressed by Colonel Lev Ovsischer. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 88).
17/04/1977	Several thousand take part in a London demonstration in support of Anatoly Sharansky (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 88).
17/04/1977	A special three-day (April 17th – 20th) session marks the anniversary of the Moscow Jewish Scientists Seminar led by Mark Azbel. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
19/04/1977	LICA, the International League against Racism and Antisemitism organized in France a colloquium on the Soviet Jewish situation after the Helsinki Final Act. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
18/04/1977	American tourists, Mr. and Mrs. A. Silvers were deported from Moscow after “Zionist and anti-Soviet propaganda” is found in their luggage. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
22/04/1977	Prisoner of Zion, Alexander Feldman is reported to have been released after serving three years. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
22/04/1977	Parliamentary representatives from 14 European countries decide in Paris to form a permanent European committee in support of Soviet Jews. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 98).
27/04/1977	Over 50 clergymen, representing the Church of England, Roman Catholic Church, Baptists and other Christian denominations, attend a conference in London on behalf of Soviet Jews. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
01/05/1977	200,000 take part in New York solidarity demonstration supporting Soviet Jewry. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
08/05/1977	150 Jews picnic in the woods outside Moscow in celebration of Lag ba-Omer. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
09/05/1977	Col. Lev Ovsischer addresses a meeting of 5000 in Minsk held near the grave of several thousand Jews murdered by the Nazis. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
17/05/1977	Likud, headed by Menachem Begin, wins the election in Israel. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
17/05/1977	A letter of Leonid Tsipin against refuseniks is published in the newspaper “Evening Moscow“
24/05/1977	Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny is dropped from the Politburo. Leonid Brezhnev becomes Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 88).
01/06/1977	Moscow activist Yosef Begun, a 45 year old electronics engineer, is sentenced to two years exile on charges of parasitism. Begun was engaged in teaching Hebrew. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
05/06/1977	Press-conference of Sanya Lipavsky at the newspaper “Izvestia” publishing house (8, p. 193).
13/06/1977	U.S. National Conference on Soviet Jewry, organizes a nation-wide assembly on June 13th and 14th to brief communities about the “deteriorating situation” of Jews in the USSR. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
20/06/1977	Ida Nudel indicted for demonstration with a placard on the balcony of her house. (22, Ida Nudel).
21/06/1977	Seven Kiev Jews, including Vladimir Kislik, renounce Soviet citizenship. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
22/06/1977	Yacov Vinarov, 23, is released from labor camp after serving two years out of a three year sentence for “evasion of military service”. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
23/06/1977	Professor Benjamin Fain, a leading aliya activist, receives permission to emigrate to Israel (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p.88).
01/07/1977	Belgian tourist Anton Pype, who was sentenced on March 25th, 1977 to five years imprisonment for distributing leaflets in Leningrad, is expelled from the USSR .(11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 89).
11/07/1977	150 persons from 14 countries attend a special conference in Oxford in honor of Academician B. Levich on July 11-13^th. (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 89).
14/07/1977	The U.S. Senate adopted a resolution expressing concern over the harassment of Anatoly Sharansky, Yuri Orlov and others, “who sought to monitor compliance of the situation in the USSR with the Helsinki accords”. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 89).
11/08/1977	The 25th anniversary of the execution of the Soviet Jewish writers is commemorated in London, New York and elsewhere. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 7, # 2, 1977, p. 89).
00/09/1977	Yuli Kosharovsky organizes a seminar of Hebrew teachers in Moscow (aa).
01/09/1977	Moscow hosts a conference on “Law, International Cooperation, and Détente”. The conference was attended by representatives of 40 countries. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103)
06/09/1977	Israeli publishers are represented in the First Moscow International Book Fair, which lasts from 6th to 15th of September. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103).
09/09/1977	Former U.S. representative to the UN Arthur Goldberg was appointed head of U.S. delegation at the “Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe” in Belgrade. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103)
14/09/1977	Soviet Jewish mathematician Professor Gelfand is made an honorary member of the British Royal Society. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103).
15/09/1977	Felix Kamov-Kandel, 44, well-known aliya activist, receives permission to emigrate to Israel. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103).
16/09/1977	French student Jean-Jacques Paul, 22, is expelled from USSR for allegedly distributing anti-Soviet leaflets in Tbilisi. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103-104).
21/09/1977	USSR and Great Britain sign an agreement on scientific cooperation. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
04/10/1977	“CSCE conference on monitoring the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords” opens in Belgrade (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 102).
14/10/1977	115 Soviet Jews from the 9 cities in an open letter to the Belgrade conference accuse the Soviet authorities of trying to stamp out Jewish culture and reduce emigration to Israel. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
17/10/1977	The anti-Zionist/antisemitic documentary “Traders of Souls” is shown on Kiev television. This film was originally shown on Moscow TV on Jan. 22nd, 1977. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p.104).
18/10/1977	USSR denies allegations by U.S. Congressmen that they attempt to exclude Israel from the Moscow Olympics. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 102).
21/10/1977	Jewish activist Alexander Silnitsky is released from prison on completion of his two-year sentence. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
27/10/1977	Mikhail Kornblit, sentenced to 7 years imprisonment at the second Leningrad trial in May 1971, is released. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104)
30/10/1977	The 36^th anniversary of the massacre of Kaunas Jews is commemorated by a march and meeting at the Ninth Fort. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
00/11/1977	Victor Brailovsky was questioned over 12 hours in connection with Sharansky’s case (25).
08/11/1977	British and American leaders, including MPs Jeremy Thorpe and Winston Churchill Jr., appeal to Brezhnev over Sharansky case (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
09/11/1977	At Belgrade conference U.S. representative Arthur Goldberg accuses the Soviet Union of imprisoning and persecuting Anatoly Sharansky, Yuri Orlov and Alexander Ginsburg, for attempting to monitor Soviet compliance with the Final Act. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 102).
19/11/1977	Egyptian President Anwar Sadat came to Israel in historic visit. The visit lasted from 19th to 21th of November 1977. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 103).
25/11/1977	The Second International Sakharov Hearing on Human Rights opens in Rome; the first took place in Copenhagen in 1975. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
04/12/1977	Western Jewish organizations hold a “world solidarity week” with Soviet Jewry from December 4^th – 11th 1977. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
08/12/1977	A mock trial publicizing the plight of Anatoly Sharansky was held in London. ( 11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104)
08/12/1977	U.S. Jewish leaders discuss case of Anatoly Sharansky with Vice-President Mondale in Denver, Colorado. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
15/12/1977	A delegation of Roman Catholic, Protestant and Jewish leaders, representing U.S. Interreligious Task Force on Soviet Jewry, visits Belgrade. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
17/12/1977	Academician Sakharov is refused permission to visit Prisoner of Zion Edward Kuznetsov in the Potma labor camp. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
13/01/1978	Edward Kuznetsov began a hunger strike in a Potma camp (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 104).
20/01/1978	Appeal of 100 Jewish activists to the heads of State, signatories of the “Final Act” in Helsinki.
22/01/1978	A European conference of Jewish Communities in support of Soviet Jews takes place in Paris. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 105).
29/01/1978	2000 people demonstrate in Paris on behalf of Anatoly Sharansky. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 105).
01/02/1978	A group of 12 Jewish women-refuseniks meet Soviet emigration officials, including Central Committee member Albert Ivanov. (11 , vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 105).
15/02/1978	The Soviet Consulate in London accepts visa application by Sylva Zalmanson to visit her imprisoned husband, Edward Kuznetsov. (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p. 105).
24/02/1978	Yosef Begun, sentenced in June to exile in Siberia for parasitism, is released. (d.o.r.), (11, vol. 8, # 1, 1978, p.105).
03/03/1978	Yakov Kandinov, a dentist from Tashkent, is arrested while making final preparations to leave with his family for Israel. He is later sentenced to 8 years in prison on charges of bribery. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84)
05/03/1978	A New England Conference on Soviet Law, Human Rights and Soviet Jewry takes place at Harvard Law School. Speakers include Profs. Telford Taylor and Alan Dershowitz. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p.84).
06/03/1978	A session of the Presidium of the Brussels Conference on Soviet Jewry takes place in Jerusalem on March 6^th – 7^th. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
06/03/1978	A seminar on behalf of Soviet Jewry takes place at Kibbutz Ma’ale Ha’hamisha. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84)
08/03/1978	A demonstration of women-refuseniks near the Lenin Library on International Women’s Day is dispersed by police. The demonstration was organized by a women’s group led by Irina Gildengorn (Los Angeles Times, 09.03.1978).
10/03/1978	Yuli Kosharovsky appeals to Brezhnev on the seventh anniversary of the denial of his exit visa lodging a protest against unlawful obstacles to the departure of his family to Israel. (aa).
10/03/1978	1500 people, mainly members of youth organizations, take part in the annual torchlight procession, organized by the “35’s”, Women’s Campaign for Soviet Jewry in Britain. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
12/03/1978	Refusenik Dina Beilina of Moscow, who has waited for a permit for 6 years, is allowed to emigrate with her family to Israel. (22, Dina Beilin ).
17/03/1978	136 activists from Moscow and other Soviet cities sign a petition calling for the release of Anatoly Sharansky arrested March 15^th 1977. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
17/03/1978	Yosef Begun is released from his first exile on completion of the term. (22, Yosef Begun ).
21/03/1978	The situation of Soviet Jewry is discussed at the session of the Political Affairs Committee of the European Parliament in Brussels on March 21st and 22nd (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
26/03/1978	The Beilin family arrives in Israel. ( 22, Dina Beilin).
28/03/1978	A telegram in behalf of activist Vladimir Kislik of Kiev, is signed by 150 French scientists, and sent to 16 Soviet officials in the USSR. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
29/03/1978	Grigory Goldstein, 47 year old physicist and activist from Tbilisi, is sentenced in Georgia to 1 year’s imprisonment for “parasitism”. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 84).
00-04-1978	Refusenik Yosef Ahs receives an exit visa to Israel. (25).
00-04-1978	In April 1978 neshira (drop-outs) reached 61% of the total number of Jews who emigrated from the USSR.
14/04/1978	Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry staged a demonstration outside the Soviet Embassy in Washington. The demonstration was attended by members of the U.S. Congress. (25).
21/04/1979	The first two issues of a new samizdat journal Evreyskaya mysl (Jewish Thought), circulate in the USSR. The journal’s aim is to acquaint readers with philosophical, historical and religious subjects. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85)
10/05/1978	24 women-refuseniks (Khasina, Nudel, Elinson, and others) hold sit-in demonstration in the Supreme Soviet. (22, Natalia Khasin).
11/05/1978	24 women-refuseniks stagea sit-in demonstration in Moscow in OVIR, the emigration office. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85).
12/05/1978	Demonstration of women-refuseniks with yellow stars in the Supreme Soviet (22, Natalia Khasin).
14/05/1978	250 refuseniks celebrated Israel Independence Day in Ovrazhki.
14/05/1978	Arrest of Alexander Podrabinek.
17/05/1978	Yosef Begun was arrested once again, this time on charges of violating passport regulations. He returned from exile after his first arrest and trial on March 17th this year and enjoyed freedom for only two months. (22, Yosef Begun).
18/05/1978	Moscow dissident Yuri Orlov is sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and five years exile (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85).
23/05/1978	Demonstration of six women with the request to allow their families to emigrate to Israel. Ida Nudel, Natasha Khasin, Rosa Ioffe were among participants in the demonstration. (22, Natalia Khasin).
25/05/1978	24 women-refuseniks send a letter to the Supreme Soviet, declaring their intention to hold a demonstration on June 1st on International Children’s Day with the participation of their children.
26/05/1978	Demonstration of Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry in front of the UN to demand that the Soviet Union “cease the use of antisemitism as an ideological weapon”. (25)
28/05/1978	Dry hunger strike of Prisoner of Zion Semion Gluzman. (25 )
31/05/1978	Arrest of Simon Shnirman due to “evasion of military service”. He was subsequently sentenced to 2.5 years of imprisonment (25).
01/06/1978	Arrest of Ida Nudel for hoisting on the balcony of her apartment a poster “KGB, give me my visa”. Later she was released pending her trial, which sentenced her to four years of exile. (22, Ida Nudel).
01/06/1978	Demonstration of women with children at several apartments in Moscow on the International Children’s Day. Posters were placed on balconies (8, p. 227).
01/06/1978	Arrest of Vladimir and Maria Slepak for hoisting on their balcony a poster “Let us reunite with our children in Israel.” Maria Slepak was released two days later on health grounds pending trial. (22, Vladimir Slepak and Maria Slepak).
15/06/1978	Israel Zalmanson is released upon completion of his 8 year sentence. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85).
19.06.1978	Prison sentence of Sender Levinson is reduced from 6 to 4 years. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85).
21/06/1978	The trial of Vladimir Slepak, Moscow, on charges of “malicious hooliganism.” His sentence – 5 years internal exile. (8, p. 228)
21/06/1978	The trial of Ida Nudel, Moscow, on charges of “malicious hooliganism.” Her sentence – 4 years internal exile. (8, p. 227).
26/06/1978	A “round table” discussion on Soviet antisemitism was held in Rome under the sponsorship of the Union of Jewish Lawyers in Italy. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85)
26/06/1978	Trial of Maria Slepak. Her sentence – three years on probation. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 85)
27/06/1978	The trial of Simon Shnirman on charges of evading military service. His sentence – 2.5 years imprisonment. (25)
10/07/1978	The trial of Anatoly Sharansky in Moscow. The trial lasted from July 10th to 14th. The sentence – 3 years’ imprisonment and 10 years in a strict regime camp. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
14/07/1978	Moscow dissident Alexandr Ginzburg is sentenced to 8 years imprisonment in a hard labor camp for anti-Soviet activities and propaganda. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86) Sentence of: Viktor Petkus, Chairman of the Lithuanian Helsinki Group – 10 years imprisonment, as “an agent of foreign intelligence”; A. Filatov – the death penalty.
15/07/1978	A joint appeal by Moscow, Lithuanian and Georgian Helsinki Groups against the wave of litigation. Among the signatories of the appeal Elena Bonner, Sophia Kallistratova, Naum Meiman, Isai Goldstein, Eitan Finkelstein. (8, p. 279)
24/07/1978	Time magazine came out with a portrait of Sharansky on the cover against the backdrop of crumbling of the word “detente”. On the same day this picture appears on the cover of Newsweek.
08/08/1978	Britain’s second largest trade union, Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, suspended indefinitely mutual exchange visits with Soviet trade union delegations in connection with human rights trials in the Soviet Union. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
10/08/1978	The annual Assembly of the American Bar Association condemns Soviet harassment of Jews and other Soviet citizens who “attempt to exercise their basic human rights as guaranteed by international legal instruments and Soviet Law”. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
16/08/1978	Israel Zalmanson, released on June 15th from a labor camp, arrives in Israel. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
16/08/1978	30 year old Kishinev refusenik Michael Roiz, a radio engineer, is reported to have been sentenced to one year imprisonment for draft evasion. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
18/08/1978	Alexander Podrabinek, 25 year old Jewish ambulance driver, who collected records of Soviet psychiatric abuse, is sentenced to five years’ internal exile for “defaming the Soviet State”. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
23/08/1978	Chief Rabbi of Denmark Bent Melchior is denied an entrance visa to the USSR. (11, vol. 8, # 2, 1978, p. 86).
00/09/1978	The meeting of the “Presidium of the Brussels Conference.” Issues for discussion: The Olympics, neshira (drop-outs), Prisoners of Zion and harassment of aliya activists in the USSR.
18/09/1978	Camp David agreement signed by U.S., Egypt, and Israel. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
00/10/1978	Anatoly Sharansky’s mother, Ida Milgrom appeals to Brezhnev in protest against the illegal persecution of her family.
00/10/1978	Ida Nudel was exiled to Krivosheino, where she is surrounded by a hostile population. (22 Ida Nudel).
00/10/1978	Moscow seminars: physics (Brailovsky), humanities (Mai), cybernetics (Lerner), Hebrew teachers (Kosharovsky), on Judaism (Rosenstein) and Talmud (Essas) re-opened.
03/10/1978	Yosef Begun declares a hunger strike in a Magadan labor camp (25).
27/10/1978	Lev Roitburd, 42 year old aeronautical engineer from Odessa, a former Prisoner of Zion, is granted permission to emigrate to Israel. He was jailed for two years in July 1975. (11 , vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p.97)
15/11/1978	Twenty-two Moscow Jewish women seeking to emigrate have separate meetings with Deputy Interior Minister B. Shumilin. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
15/11/1978	The European Parliament adopts a resolution condemning anti-semitism in the USSR. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
04/12/1978	The seventh session of the Soviet-US Joint Trade Commission takes place in Moscow on December 4th-5^th. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
08/12/1978	Academician Benjamin Levich, a refusenik from 1971, arrives in Israel. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p.97).
21/12/1978	The apartment of Victor Brailovsky, editor of “The Jews in the USSR”, was searched (25).
27/12/1978	“Third International Conference on collective phenomena” based on the scientists-refuseniks “Seminar on collective phenomena” was opened. About 30 papers, among them 10 – from abroad were presented to the conference, which lasted three days. According to the results of the conference the New York Academy of Sciences issued a compilation of reports, placed in 337 volume of the Academy annals (33).
30/12/1978	24 Jews staged a demonstration of solidarity with the Prisoners of Zion outside the Lenin Library at the day of 8th anniversary of the First Leningrad trial. (25).
01/01/1979	Former Prisoner of Zion Alexander Silnitsky arrives in Israel. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
07/01/1979	Former Prisoner of Zion Anatoly Malkin arrives in Israel. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 98).
04/01/1979	Demonstration of 4 women-refuseniks in front of the Foreign Ministry, demanding permission to leave the USSR. (25).
16/01/1979	The “Islamic revolution” occurred in Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, is overthrown and fled to Egypt.
29/01/1979	1,500 people participate in a Paris evening of readings from the diary of Prisoner of Zion, Edward Kuznetsov on his 40th birthday. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 98).
01/02/1979	Disgraced Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from Paris, where he had lived from 1964. He was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of his fans.
12/02/1979	Soviet Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Shumilin receives 18 women-refuseniks. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p.98).
13/02/1979	23 year old Alexander Vilik from Bolgograd is sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for refusing conscription. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p.98).
14/02/1979	In Tehran, Iran, demonstrators seized the American embassy building.
15/02/1979	A commememoration of the massacre of Jews killed by the Nazis in 1942 takes place in Minsk at the monument erected at the site of the tragedy. 3,000 Jews from the city and its environs participate. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 98).
05/03/1979	Moscow hosted a “Week of Hebrew” seminars March 5 – 11^th, organized by Pavel Abramovich in Moscow. It took place on the centenary of the re-birth of Hebrew as a living language, and the centenary of the birth of F.L. Shapiro, compiler of the Hebrew-Russian dictionary published in the USSR in 1963. (11, vol. 9, # 2, 1979, p. 96).
08/03/1979	Boris Kalendarev, who had applied for an exit visa, was arrested in Leningrad for evasion of military service. He was later sentenced to two years’ imprisonment.
11/03/1979	Tbilisi activist Grigory Goldstein is released from labor camp upon completion of a one-year sentence. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
18/03/1979	An international colloquium on Soviet anti-Semitism takes place in Paris. It is organized by the “Conseil national francais pour le protection des droits des juifs d’URSS”. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
26/03/1979	The BBC “Tonight” program shows a film depicting the life of the exiled Jewish activist Ida Nudel. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
01/04/1979	Iran declared an Islamic republic. Shah Reza Pahlavi left Iran, and thereby Iran challenged the informal leadership of the Sunni Saudi Arabia in the Islamic world. (Wikipedia).
04/04/1979	Israeli Minister of Education Zevulen Hammer awards the Ben Yehuda Prize in absentia to Pavel Abramovich and Yosef Begun. They were awarded the Ben-Yehuda Award for 1979 for their outstanding contributions to the dissemination of the Hebrew language. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
07/04/1979	Over 3,000 Jews of Minsk and environs participate in commemoration of Minsk Jews murdered by the Nazis in 1942. A monument is erected in memory of the massacred Jews. (d.o.r.), (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
12/04/1979	A meeting of leaders of Jewish communities from 17 countries held in Paris decided to convene a world conference to discuss the situation of Soviet Jews.
19/04/1979	Eight representative Jewish activists meet a group of 17 U.S. lawmakers including Congressman Charles Vanik at the Sovetskaya Hotel. Vanik urged refuseniks to abandon their support of the Jackson-Vanik amendment. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
19/04/1979	Five Prisoners of Zion are pardoned by the Soviet authorities: Boris Penson, Anatoly Altman, Leib Khnokh, Hillel Butman and Wolf Zalmanson. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
27/04/1979	Prisoners of Zion, Eduard Kuznetsov and Mark Dymshits are among dissidents released by the Soviets in exchange for two Soviet spies detained in the U.S. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
14/05/1979	21 year old Leningrad student Boris Kalenderov is sentenced to two years in a labor camp for evading conscription. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 96).
19/05/1979	Lev Ulanovsky receives permission to leave for Israel. (22, Ulanovsky).
27/05/1979	The Presidium of the Brussels Conference on Soviet Jewry meets in Rome for two days. (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p.97)
00-06-1979	Dr. Isaac Poltinnikov, Novosibirsk, Russia, arrives in Israel without his wife and daughter. (22, Felix Kochubievsky).
01/06/1979	Robert Hawke, President of the Australian Confederation of Trade Unions, arrives in the USSR on an official visit. He discusses inter alia, Jewish emigration from the USSR with Soviet officials. (d.o.r.),11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
05/07/1979	Isaac Shkolnik of Vinnitsa, is released on completion of a seven-year sentence on trumped-up charges.(11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
06/07/1979	Mark Nashpits is released from exile on completion of a five year sentence. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
15/06/1979	Summit meeting between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna (June 15th-17th).
00/08/1979	The arrest of Igor Guberman, editor of “The Jews in the USSR”; subsequently he will be sentenced to five years imprisonment.
05/08/1979	Death of physician-refusenik Irma Bernstein-Poltinnikov in Novosibirsk. (22, Felix Kochubievsky).
08/08/1979	Bill Hayden, leader of the Australian Parliamentary Labor Party, raises the issue of Soviet Jewish emigration in a meeting with Chairman of the USSR Soviet of Nationalities. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 9, # 1, 1979, p. 97).
00/09/1979	Yuli Kosharovsky organizes the first inter-city seminar of Hebrew teachers in Koktebel, Crimea. Nine teachers from Moscow, Leningrad, and Minsk participate in the seminar. (aa).
04/09/1979	Jewish activists Arkady Arlazorov and Michael Grach from Leningrad, and Arkady Pogy from Moscow are arrested on charges of anti-Soviet slander. (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
04/09/1979	Israel participates in the Second Moscow International Book Fair. The Israeli Pavilion contains several hundred books. Fair is held from the 4th to 10th of September. (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
14/09/1979	Five hundred Jews in Minsk have signed a protest against plans by the Minsk municipality to build a housing project on the site of mass executions of Jews during World War II. (d.o.r.), (11 , vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
00/10/1979	Yitzhak Rubinov, Derbent, was sentenced to two years imprisonment. (Alert, 03/07/1980).
10/10/1979	Rabbi Shalom Kowalski, vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America, stated that the Council intends to begin a campaign soon to promote freedom of teaching Hebrew in the USSR. (d.o.r.), (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
15/10/1979	The “Second International Colloquium on Soviet Jews and the Rule of Law” was held in London from 15th to 16th of October this year. The Colloquium, chaired by Lord Lloyd Hampstead was attended by lawyers from 17 countries. (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
21/10/1979	About three hundred Jews took part in the Jewish song competition in Ovrazhki forest near Moscow. (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
21/10/1979	Twelve Jews in Kiev were sentenced to 15 days imprisonment during a demonstration at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Two of them – Elena Oleynik and Sergey Rohshteyn were sentenced to an additional fifteen days of detention for hooliganism. (d.o.r.), (11, vol. 10, # 1, 1980, p. 95).
02/11/1979	A seminar on Soviet Jews is held in Carmel College, Great Britain, attended by over 80 people, including representatives from abroad. Among the guest speakers are William Korey and Professor Mikhail Zand. The seminar is organized by the British National Council for Soviet Jewry from November 2^nd-4^th. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 96).
02/11/1979	The Helsinki monitoring group in Moscow releases a study substantiating the charge that Jews are systematically discriminated against in enrolment in the Mathematics Faculty of the Moscow State University. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 96).
04/11/1979	52 officials of the American embassy in Tehran were taken as hostages. They were kept in captivity for 444 days until to January 20th, 1981.
11/11/1979	The twins Elena Oleunik and Sergey Rotshteyn are released from prison after serving 15 days for “hooliganism”. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p.97).
15/11/1979	Igor Korchnoi, son of a famous chess player Viktor Korchnoi, is arrested on a charge of evading conscription. (d.o.r.) (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 97, d.o.r.).
27/11/1979	Former Prisoner of Zion Boris Tsitlonok, 35, arrives in Vienna en route to Israel. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 95).
27/11/1979	The British National Council on Soviet Jewry holds a London symposium “Minority Without a Territory”. Participants include Simon Marqish, Professor Mikhail Zand, Lev Ulanovsky, Dr S. J. Roth. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 97).
13/12/1979	Isai and Grigory Goldstein of Tbilisi, Refuseniks for 8 years, arrive in Moscow to plead with officials for a review of their case. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 97).
22/12/1979	A commemorative meeting of the victims of fascism, including 200,000 Jews of Lithuania, is held in the Ninth Fort of Kaunas. (d.o.r.), (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 97)
23/12/1979	Both houses of U.S. Congress adopt a resolution appealing to the Soviet authorities to release Ida Nudel. (11, vol. 10, # 2, 1980, p. 97).
25/12/1979	Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

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Chronology of events 1977-1979

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